Ideas offer hope by encouraging cooperation and the pursuit of opportunities for win-win gains. Ideally, ideas, institutions, and growth all reinforce one another in a virtuous developmental spiral. Understanding why this collision occurred and worsened over time is relevant not just for other middle-income countries but also many higher-income democracies wrestling with similar tensions between a declining tolerance for high or rising inequality and institutions that seemed strong in the past but find their legitimacy increasingly being questioned. The collision intensified across the 2010s, resulting in economic stagnation and increasing threats to institutional integrity. Yet starting in the mid-2000s, the country began to experience a disruptive collision between its strong political institutions and massive economic inequality. South Africa was one of the 1990s iconic cases of democratization.
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